La Guía de NetBSD
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La Guía de NetBSD

Esta es una traducción de la Guía de NetBSD: http://www.netbsd.org/guide/en/index.html.

Este documento puede contener errores de traducción. Por favor si desea informar de errores encontrados en esta versión en castellano o tiene cualquier sugerencia, envíaela a:crass2002@hotmail.com

Traducción: SALISHAN

Desarrolladores de NetBSD

Copyright © 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002 Federico Lupi

Copyright © 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006 La Fundación NetBSD

Todas las marcas y nombres de productos útilizados en esta guía son o pueden ser marcas registradas o marcas registradas certificadas de sus respectivos dueños.

NetBSD® es una marca registrada certificada de la Fundación NetBSD, Inc.

Published: 2006/01/16 20:10:35

$NetBSD: index.html,v 1.95 2006/04/26 07:31:24 mishka Exp $

Tabla de Contenidos

Propósito de esta guía

I. Acerca de NetBSD

1. ¿Qué es NetBSD?

1.1. Historia de NetBSD
1.2. Caracteríristicas de NetBSD
1.3. Plataformas soportadas
1.4. Usuarios objetivos de NetBSD
1.5. Aplicaciones para NetBSD
1.6. La filosofía de NetBAS
1.7. Como conseguir NetBSD

II. Instalación del Sistema y cuestiones relacionadas

2. Instalación

2.1. Documentación

2.2. Disposición de una instalación de NetBSD

2.3. Instalación

2.3.1. Teclado
2.3.2. Geometrías
2.3.3. Particiones
2.3.4. Requisitos de espacio en el disco duro
2.3.5. Reintento

3. Ejemplo de Instalación

3.1. Introdución
3.2. Preparando la instalación
3.3. Creando el disco de instalación
3.4. Ultimos pasos preparatorios
3.5. Comenzando la instalación
3.6. Particiones
3.7. Disklabel
3.8. Creando una "etiqueta" de disco (disklabel)
3.9. Proceso de preparación del disco
3.10. Eligiendo el medio de instalación
3.11. Instalando desde CD-ROM y DVD
3.12. Instalando vía FTP
3.13. Extraer el sistema
3.14. Configuración del sistema

4. El primer inicio

4.1. Si algo fue mal
4.2. Inicio de Sesión
4.3. Cambiando la configuración del Teclado
4.4. El comando man
4.5. Cambiando la contraseña de root
4.6. Cambiando el intérprete de comandos
4.7. Hora del sistema
4.8. Configuración básica en/etc/rc.conf
4.9. Permitiendo dependencias suaves de FFS
4.10. Reinicio del sistema

5. El segundo inicio

5.1. dmesg
5.2. Montando el CD-ROM
5.3. Montando la disquetera
5.4. Accediendo a particiones DOS/Windows
5.5. Agregar usuarios
5.6. Contraseñas shadow
5.7. Deteniendo y reiniciando el sistema

6. Sistema rc.d

6.1. La configuración del rc.d
6.2. Los Scripts rc.d
6.3. Las Reglas de rcorder y rc Scripts
6.4. Lectura Adicional

III. Configuración del sistema, administración y personalización

7. Editando

7.1 Introducción a vi

7.1.1. La interfaz vi
7.1.2. Cambiando al Modo Edición
7.1.3. Cambiando Modos y Guardando Buffers en un Archivo
7.1.4. Copiando y Pegando
7.1.5. Navegando por el Buffer
7.1.6. Buscando un Archivo, la Ayuda Alternativa de Navegación
7.1.7. Un Ejemplo de Sesión

7.2. Configurando vi

7.2.1. Extensiones .exrc
7.2.2. Documentación

7.3. Utilizando etiquetas con vi

8.1 ¿Qué es la X?

8.2 Configuración

8.3 El ratón

8.4. The Teclado

8.5 El monitor

8.6. La tarjeta de gráfica

8.6.1 XFree 3.x
8.6.2. XFree86 4.x

8.7 Arrancando X

8.8. Personalizando X

8.9. Otros gestores de ventanas

8.10. Identificación gráfica con xdm

9. Emulando Linux

9.1. Configuración del Emulador

9.1.1. Configuring the núcleo
9.1.2. Instalando las librerias de Linux
9.1.3. Instalando Acrobat Reader

9.2. Estrutura de los directorios

9.3. Emulando / proc

10.1. Elementos Básicos del hardware

10.2. Configuración de la BIOS

10.3. Configurando el dispositivo de sonido

10.4. Configuring the núcleo audio devices

10.5. Comandos avanzados

10.5.1. audioctl(1)
10.5.2. mixerctl(1)
10.5.3. audioplay(1)
10.5.4. audiorecord(1)

11. Imprimiendo

11.1 Habilitando el demonio de la impresora
11.2 Configurando/etc/printcap
11.3 Configurando Ghostscript
11.4 Comandos del gestor de Impresora
11.5 Impresión remota

12. Using removable media

12.1. Initializing and using floppy disks
12.2. How to use a ZIP disk
12.3. Reading data CDs with NetBSD
12.4. Reading multi-session CDs with NetBSD
12.5. Allowing normal users to access CDs
12.6. Mounting an ISO image
12.7. Using gráfica CDs with NetBSD
12.8. Using audio CDs with NetBSD
12.9. Creating an MP3 (MPEG layer 3) file from an audio CD
12.10. Using a CD-R writer with data CDs
12.11. Using a CD-R writer to create audio CDs
12.12. Creating an audio CD from mp3s
12.13. Copying an audio CD
12.14. Copying a data CD with two drives
12.15. Using CD-RW rewritables
12.16. DVD support
12.17. Creating ISO images from a CD
12.18. Getting volume information from CDs and ISO images

13. The cryptographic device driver (CGD)

13.1. Overview

13.1.1. Why use disk encryption?
13.1.2. Logical Disk Drivers
13.1.3. Availability

13.2. Components of the Crypto-Graphic Disk system

13.2.1. Núcleo driver pseudo-device
13.2.2. Ciphers
13.2.3. Verification Methods

13.3. Example: encrypting your disk

13.3.1. Preparing the disk
13.3.2. Scrubbing the disk
13.3.3. Creating the cgd
13.3.4. Modifying configuration files
13.3.5. Restoring data

13.4. Example: encrypted CDs/DVDs

13.4.1. Introdución
13.4.2. Creating an encrypted CD/DVD
13.4.3. Using an encrypted CD/DVD

13.5. Suggestions and Warnings

13.5.1. Using a random-key cgd for swap
13.5.2. Warnings

13.6. Further Reading

14. Concatenated Disk Device (CCD) configuration

14.1. Install physical media
14.2. Configure Núcleo Support
14.3. Disklabel each volume member of the CCD
14.4. Configure the CCD
14.5. Initialize the CCD device
14.6. Create a 4.2BSD/UFS filesystem on the new CCD device
14.7. Mount the filesystem

15. NetBSD RAIDframe

15.1. RAIDframe Introdución

15.1.1. About RAIDframe
15.1.2. A warning about Data Integrity, Backups, and High Availability
15.1.3. Getting Help

15.2. Setup RAIDframe Support

15.2.1. Núcleo Support
15.2.2. Power Redundancy and Disk Caching

15.3. Example: RAID-1 Root Disk

15.3.1. Pseudo-Process Outline
15.3.2. Hardware Review
15.3.3. Initial Install on Disk0/wd0
15.3.4. Preparing Disk1/wd1
15.3.5. Initializing the RAID Device
15.3.6. Setting up Filesystems
15.3.7. Setting up núcleo dumps
15.3.8. Migrating System to RAID
15.3.9. El primer inicio with RAID
15.3.10. Adding Disk0/wd0 to RAID
15.3.11. Testing Boot Blocks

15.4. Testing núcleo dumps

16. Pluggable Authentication Modules (PAM)

16.1. About

16.2. Introdución

16.3. Terms and conventions

16.3.1. Definitions
16.3.2. Usage examples

16.4. PAM Essentials

16.4.1. Facilities and primitives
16.4.2. Modules
16.4.3. Chains and policies
16.4.4. Transactions

16.5. PAM Configuration

16.5.1. PAM policy files
16.5.2. Breakdown of a configuration line
16.5.3. Policies

16.6. PAM modules

16.6.1. Common Modules
16.6.2. FreeBSD-specific PAM Modules
16.6.3. NetBSD-specific PAM Modules

16.7. PAM Application Programming

16.8. PAM Module Programming

16.9. Sample PAM Application

16.10. Sample PAM Module

16.11. Sample PAM Conversation Function

16.12. Further Reading

17. Tuning NetBSD

17.1. Introdución

17.1.1. Overview

17.2. Tuning Considerations

17.2.1. General System Configuration
17.2.2. System Services
17.2.3. The NetBSD Núcleo

17.3. Visual Monitoring Tools

17.3.1. The top Process Monitor
17.3.2. The sysstat útility

17.4. Monitoring Tools

17.4.1. fstat
17.4.2. iostat
17.4.3. ps
17.4.4. vmstat

17.5. Network Tools

17.5.1. ping
17.5.2. traceroute
17.5.3. netstat
17.5.4. tcpdump

17.6. Accounting

17.6.1. Accounting
17.6.2. Reading Accounting Information
17.6.3. How to Put Accounting to Use

17.7. Núcleo Profiling

17.7.1. Getting Started
17.7.2. Interpretation of kgmon Output
17.7.3. Putting it to Use
17.7.4. Summary

17.8. System Tuning

17.8.1. Using sysctl
17.8.2. memfs & softdeps

17.9. Núcleo Tuning

17.9.1. Preparing to Recompile a Núcleo
17.9.2. Configuring the Núcleo
17.9.3. Building the New Núcleo
17.9.4. Shrinking the NetBSD núcleo

18. NetBSD Veriexec subsystem

18.1. How it works
18.2. Signatures file
18.3. Generating fingerprints
18.4. Strict levels
18.5. Veriexec and layered file systems
18.6. Núcleo configuration

19. Miscellaneous operations

19.1. Creating a custom install/boot floppies for i386
19.2. Synchronizing the system clock with NTP
19.3. Instalando el gestor de arranque
19.4. Deleting the disklabel
19.5. Speaker
19.6. Forgot root password?
19.7. Adding a new hard disk
19.8. Password file is busy?
19.9. How to rebuild the devices in /dev

IV. Networking and related issues

20. Introdución to TCP/IP Networking

20.1. Audience

20.2. Supported Networking Protocols

20.3. Supported Media

20.3.1. Serial Line
20.3.2. Ethernet

20.4. TCP/IP Address Format

20.5. Subnetting and Routing

20.6. Name Service Concepts

20.6.1. /etc/hosts
20.6.2. Domain Name Service (DNS)
20.6.3. Network Information Service (NIS/YP)
20.6.4. Other

20.7. Next generation Internet protocol - IPv6

20.7.1. The Future of the Internet
20.7.2. What good is IPv6?
20.7.3. Changes to IPv4

21. Setting up TCP/IP on NetBSD in practice

21.1. A walk through the núcleo configuration

21.2. Overview of the network configuration files

21.3. Connecting to the Internet with a modem

21.3.1. Getting the connection information
21.3.2. resolv.conf and nsswitch.conf
21.3.3. Creating the directories for pppd
21.3.4. Connection script and chat file
21.3.5. Authentication
21.3.6. pppd options
21.3.7. Testing the modem
21.3.8. Activating the link
21.3.9. Using a script for connection and disconnection
21.3.10. Running commands after dialin

21.4. Creating a small home network

21.5. Setting up an Internet gateway with IPNAT

21.5.1. Configuring the gateway/firewall
21.5.2. Configuring the clients
21.5.3. Some useful commands

21.6. A common LAN setup

21.7. Connecting two PCs through a serial line

21.7.1. Connecting NetBSD with BSD or Linux
21.7.2. Connecting NetBSD and Windows NT
21.7.3. Connecting NetBSD and Windows 95

22. The Internet Super Server inetd

22.1. Overview
22.2. What is inetd?
22.3. Configuring inetd - /etc/inetd.conf
22.4. Services - /etc/services
22.5. Protocols - /etc/protocols
22.6. Remote Procedure Calls (RPC) - /etc/rpc
22.7. Allowing and denying hosts - /etc/hosts.{allow,deny}
22.8. Adding a Service
22.9. When to use or not to use inetd
22.10. Other Resources

23. The Domain Name System

23.1. DNS Background and Concepts

23.1.1. Naming Services
23.1.2. The DNS namespace
23.1.3. Resource Records
23.1.4. Delegation
23.1.5. Delegation to multiple servers
23.1.6. Secondaries, Caching, and the SOA record
23.1.7. Name Resolution
23.1.8. Reverse Resolution

23.2. The DNS Files

23.2.1. /etc/namedb/named.conf
23.2.2. /etc/namedb/localhost
23.2.3. /etc/namedb/zone.127.0.0
23.2.4. /etc/namedb/diverge.org
23.2.5. /etc/namedb/1.168.192
23.2.6. /etc/namedb/root.cache

23.3. Using DNS

23.4. Setting up a caching only name server

23.4.1. Testing the server

24. Mail and news

24.1. sendmail

24.1.1. Configuration with genericstable
24.1.2. Testing the configuration
24.1.3. Using an alternative MTA

24.2. fetchmail

24.3. Reading and writing mail with mutt

24.4. Strategy for receiving mail

24.5. Strategy for sending mail

24.6. Advanced mail tools

24.7. News with tin

25. Miscellaneous networking topics

25.1. Bridge

25.1.1. Bridge example

25.2. Network File System (NFS)

25.2.1. NFS setup example

25.3. Setting up NFS automounting for /net with amd(8)

25.3.1. Introdución
25.3.2. Actual setup

25.4. IPv6 Connectivity & Transition vía 6to4

25.4.1. Getting 6to4 IPv6 up & running
25.4.2. Obtaining IPv6 Address Space for 6to4
25.4.3. How to get connected
25.4.4. Security Considerations
25.4.5. Data Needed for 6to4 Setup
25.4.6. Núcleo Preparation
25.4.7. 6to4 Setup
25.4.8. Quickstart using pkgsrc/net/hf6to4
25.4.9. Known 6to4 Relay Routers
25.4.10. Tunneling 6to4 through an IPFilter firewall
25.4.11. Conclusion & Further Reading

V. Building the system

26. Obtaining the sources

26.1. Preparing directories

26.2. Terminology

26.3. Downloading tarballs

26.3.1. Downloading a NetBSD release
26.3.2. Downloading snapshots from a NetBSD stable branch
26.3.3. Downloading the NetBSD-current development branch
26.3.4. Downloading a pkgsrc-200xQy stable branch
26.3.5. Downloading the pkgsrc-current development branch

26.4. Fetching by CVS

26.4.1. Getting CVS
26.4.2. Fetching a NetBSD release
26.4.3. Fetching a NetBSD stable branch
26.4.4. Fetching the NetBSD-current development branch
26.4.5. Fetching a pkgsrc-200xQy stable branch
26.4.6. Fetching the pkgsrc-current development branch
26.4.7. Saving some cvs(1) options

26.5. Sources on CD (ISO)

27. Crosscompiling NetBSD with build.sh

27.1. Building the crosscompiler

27.2. Configuring the núcleo manually

27.3. Crosscompiling the núcleo manually

27.4. Crosscompiling the núcleo with build.sh

27.5. Crosscompiling the userland

27.6. Crosscompiling the X Window System

27.7. Changing build behaviour

27.7.1. Changing the Destination Directory
27.7.2. Static Builds
27.7.3. Using build.sh options
27.7.4. make(1) variables used during build

28. Compiling the núcleo

28.1. Requirements and procedure

28.2. Installing the núcleo sources

28.3. Creating the núcleo configuration file

28.4. Building the núcleo manually

28.4.1. Configuring the núcleo manually
28.4.2. Generating dependencies and recompiling manually

28.5. Building the núcleo using build.sh

28.6. Installing the new núcleo

28.7. Si algo fue mal

29. Console drivers

29.1. wscons

29.1.1. Virtual consoles
29.1.2. 50 lines text mode with wscons
29.1.3. Teclado mappings
29.1.4. Cut&paste on the console with wsmoused
29.1.5. Enable scrollback on the console

29.2. pccons

30. The package collection

30.1. Installing the package collection

30.2. Updating the package collection

30.3. Example: installing a program from source

30.3.1. Downloading the sources
30.3.2. Compiling and installing

30.4. Example: installing a binary package

30.5. Package management commands

30.6. Creating Your Own Packages

30.6.1. Tools
30.6.2. Getting Started
30.6.3. Filling in the Rest
30.6.4. Checking with pkglint
30.6.5. Running and Checking Build/Installs
30.6.6. Submitting a Package Using send-pr
30.6.7. Final Notes

A. Information

A.1. Where to get this document
A.2. Guide history

B. Contributing to La Guía de NetBSD

B.1. Translating the guide

B.1.1. What you need to start a translation
B.1.2. Writing XML/DocBook

B.2. Sending contributions

B.3. XML/DocBook template

C. Getting started with XML/DocBook

C.1. What is XML/DocBook

C.2. Installing the necessary tools

C.3. Using the tools

C.4. Language-specific notes

C.4.1. Enabling hyphenation for the Italian language

D. Acknowledgements

D.1. Original acknowledgements

D.2. Current acknowledgements

D.3. Licenses

D.3.1. Federico Lupi's original license of this guide
D.3.2. Networks Associates Technology's license on the PAM article

E. Bibliography

Bibliography

List of Figures

2.1. Particiones
3.1. Selecting the language
3.2. The main men´ of the Instalación program
3.3. Confirming you want to install NetBSD
3.4. Choosing a hard disk
3.5. Full or custom Instalación
3.6. Selecting distribution sets
3.7. Choosing the partitioning scheme
3.8. Choosing a unit of measure
3.9. fdisk
3.10. Partition options
3.11. Installing the boot selector
3.12. Choosing if Particiones should be edited
3.13. Setting partition sizes
3.14. The disklabel editor
3.15. The disklabel editor
3.16. Naming the NetBSD disk
3.17. Last chance before hitting the disk
3.18. Creating the filesystems
3.19. Selecting a bootblock
3.20. Choosing the verbosity of the extraction process
3.21. Instalación media
3.22. CD-ROM/DVD Instalación
3.23. Which network interface to configure
3.24. Choosing network media options
3.25. Using DHCP for network configuration
3.26. Entering and configuring network data
3.27. Confirming network parameters
3.28. Which directory to use for downloading
3.29. Defining the set's source place
3.30. An error happened during download
3.31. Downloading Instalación sets
3.32. Extracting set files
3.33. Deleting sets after extraction?
3.34. Set extraction completed
3.35. Selecting your system's time zone
3.36. Selecting a password encryption scheme
3.37. Setting the root password now or later?
3.38. Setting the root password
3.39. Choosing a shell for the root account
3.40. Congratulations
3.41. Reboot the system to finish Instalación
15.1. RAID-1 Disk Logical Layout
15.2. Perform generic install onto Disk0/wd0
15.3. Setup RAID Set
15.4. Reboot using Disk1/wd1 of RAID
15.5. Mirror Disk1/wd1 back to Disk0/wd0
15.6. Award BIOS i386 Boot Disk1/wd1
15.7. Award BIOS i386 Boot Disk0/wd0
20.1. IPv4-addresses are divided into more significant network- and less significant hostbits
20.2. Our demo-network
20.3. Attaching one subnet to another one
20.4. IPv6-addresses are divided into more significant network- and less significant hostbits, too
20.5. IPv6-addresses have a similar structure to class B addresses
20.6. Several interfaces attached to a link result in only one scope ID for the link
21.1. Network with gateway
24.1. Structure of the mail system
25.1. A frequently used method for transition is tunneling IPv6 in IPv4 packets
25.2. 6to4 derives an IPv6 from an IPv4 address
25.3. Request and reply can be routed vía different gateways in 6to4
25.4. Enabling packet forwarding is needed for a 6to4 router

List of Tables

16.1. PAM chain execution summary
18.1. Veriexec fingerprints tools
18.2. Veriexec access type aliases

List of Examples

11.1. /etc/printcap
11.2. /usr/local/libexec/lpfilter
11.3. /etc/printcap
11.4. /usr/local/libexec/lpfilter-ps
21.1. resolv.conf
21.2. nsswitch.conf
21.3. Connection script
21.4. Chat file
21.5. Chat file with login
21.6. /etc/ppp/options
21.7. ppp-start
21.8. ppp-stop
21.9. /etc/hosts
23.1. strider's /etc/hosts file
23.2. localhost
26.1. .cvsrc

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